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±Ð¾Çµ¦²¤¬O«ü±Ð®v©Ò¿ï¾Üªº³Ì¾A¦X¤èªk¥hÀ°§U¾Ç¥ÍÁÚ¦V¾Ç²ß¥Ø¼Ð¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A½Òµ{ªº³B²z¤Î¿ï¥Î³Ì¦³®Äªº±Ð¾Ç¤èªk©M§Þ¥©¡A¥H°t¦X¯S©wªº±Ð¾Ç¥Øªº©M·ÓÅU¾Ç¥Íªº­Ó§O»Ý­n¡C¥»³¹¥ý°Q½×¾Ç²ß²z½×©M¤£¦Pªº±Ð¾Ç¨ú¦V¡B¼Æ¾Ç±Ð¨|ªº·sÁͶաB¦³¯S®í±Ð¨|»Ý­n¾Ç¥Íªº¾Ç²ß¯SÂI¤Î¨ä¹ï¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ßªº¼vÅTµ¥§@¬°­I´º¸ê®Æ¡AµM«á«Øij±Ð®v¥i¦æªº¼Æ¾Ç±Ð¾Çµ¦²¤¡C

 

4.1     ¾Ç²ß²z½×©M¤£¦Pªº±Ð¾Ç¨ú¦V

 

²z½×«ü¾É¹ê½î¡A¤£¦Pªº¾Ç²ß²z½×¬°¦U¼Ë±Ð¾Çªkªº²£¥Í©Mµo®i´£¨Ñ¤F°ò¦¡C·í¥N­«­nªº±Ð¾Ç²z½×¦³¡G

¡P µo®i©Ê¾Ç²ß²z½×¡G±j½Õ¾Ç¥Í¹ï¬Y½ÒÃDªº¾Ç²ß»Ý­n¥ý·Ç³Æ´Nºü¤Î»Ý¬°¾Ç¥Í«Øºc¦Û¤v¤º¦bªº¼Æ¾Ç¬[ºc´£¨Ñ¸gÅç¡C

¡P ¦æ¬°¥D¸q¾Ç²ß²z½×¡G»{¬°¾Ç²ß´N¬O¦æ¬°ªº§ïÅÜ¡A¥D±i³z¹L¤@¨t¦C¡u±ø¥ó--¤ÏÀ³¡vªº²Õ¦X¤Î´£¨Ñ¦^õX¡A¨Ï¾Ç²ßªÌ²ß±o©Ò»Ýªº¦æ¬°¡C

¡P »{ª¾¥D¸q¾Ç²ß²z½×¡G»{¬°¾Ç²ß´N¬Oª¾ÃѪº¼Wªø©Î­×¥¿¡A±j½Õ¦b¾Ç²ß¹Lµ{¤¤¾Ç²ßªÌ­n«Øºc¦Û¤vªºª¾ÃѤιB¥Î¾A·íªº»{ª¾µ¦²¤¡C

¡P ±¡¹Ò/ªÀ¸s¾Ç²ß²z½×¡G»{¬°¾Ç²ß´N¬O¾Ç²ßªÌ»PÀô¹Ò¤Î¥L¤H¥æ¤¬§@¥Îªºµ²ªG¡A¦]¦¹±j½Õ¥þ¤è¦ìªº¾Ç²ß¤Î¦b½Ò°ó¤º¶i¦æ°Q½×©M¦X§@¾Ç²ßµ¥¡C     (Lerner,1993; Greeno, Collins & Resnick, 1996)

 

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4.1.1     µo®i©Êªº¾Ç²ß¡]Developmental Learning¡^

            ¥Ö¨È³Ç¡]Piaget, 1970¡^ªºµo®i©Ê¾Ç²ß²z½×¹ï¼Æ¾Ç±Ð¾Ç°_¤F«Ü¤jªº¼vÅT¡A¨ä¤¤¹ï¼Æ¾Ç±Ð¾Ç³Ì­«­nªº´N¬O¨àµ£ªº´¼¯àµo®i¬O¶¥¬q©Êªº·§©À¡A³o­Ó·§©Àªº­nÂI¬O¡G

(1)     ´¼¤Oµo®i¬O«ö¯S©w¶¶§Çªº¶¥¬q¦Ó¶i¦æªº¡C¦Ó±Æ¦C¡B¦u«í¡B¤ÀÃþ¡B°²³]¡B±ÀÂ_µ¥¬¡°Ê¡A¥i¥H§@¬°´¼¤O¬¡°Êªº°ò¦¡C

(2)     ¨C¤@¶¥¬q§¡¦³¤@²Õ¯S©wªº¤ß´¼¦æ¬°¡A¤Ï¬M¥X¤£¦P¶¥¬qªº¤ß´¼µo®i¡A¨Ò¦p³Ìªì¯à·Pª¾¦]ªGÃö«Y¡A¶i¦Ó¯à¨Ï¥Î»y¨¥©M²Å¸¹¡A¦A¶i¦Ó¯à«ö¨ãÅé¸gÅç¶i¦æ«äºû¡A³Ì«á¯à¶i¦æ©â¶H«äºûµ¥¡C

(3)     ±q¤@­Ó¶¥¬q¶i¦Ó¨ì¥t¤@¶¥¬q¬O­n¦³¨¬°÷ªº¸gÅç©M»{ª¾¬[ºc¶¡ªº¤¬°Ê¡A¨Ï«e¤@­Ó¶¥¬qªºµo®i¦¨¼ô«á¤~¥i¥Hµo¥Í¡C

 

³o­Ó¾Ç²ß²z½×ªº¥D­n¦^ÅT¬O¦b¾Ç¥Í¥¼¦³µo®i¾A·íªº»{ª¾¯à¤O«e±Ð±Â¬Y¤@¼Æ¾Ç·§©À¬O®{³ÒµL¥\ªº¡A¨Ò¦p¾Ç¥Í©|¥¼µo®i©â¶H«äºû¡A«h±Ð¾É§Î¦¡¹Bºâ¬OÃø¥H¦¨¥\ªº¡C¬Û¤Ï¡A­n¨Ï¾Ç¥Í¥H«á¾Ç±o¦n¡A´N¥²¶·Åý¥L­Ì¦b«e´Á¦³¨¬°÷ªº¾÷·|±µÄ²¹êª«©M°Ñ»P¬¡°Ê¡AÅý¥L­Ì±q¤¤±o¨ìÂ×´Iªº¨ãÅé¼Æ¾Çª¾ÃÑ¡C

 

¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¬O¤@­Ó¹Lµ{¡A·í¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¸gÅç¼W¥[®É¡A¼Æ¾Çª¾ÃÑ©M·§©À«K©µÄò©Ê¦a³vº¥ÂX¤j¡A¦P®É¥ç·|±q¨ãÅé¨ì©â¶H¡B±q¤£§¹³Æ¦Ü§¹³Æ©M±qµL¨t²Î¨ì¦³¨t²Î¦aµo®i°_¨Ó¡C

 

4.1.2     «Øºc©Êªº¾Ç²ß

·í¤µ²±¦æªº«Øºc¥D¸q(constructivism)§óÂX¤j¤F¥Ö¨È³Çªºµo®i©Ê²z½×¡A¦Ó­Òijªº¬O¾Ç¥Í¨ä¹ê¬O¦b¾Ç²ß¹Lµ{¤¤¦Û¤v«Ø¥ß¹ï¼Æ¾Çªº²z¸Ñ¡C§Y¾Ç²ß¼Æ¾Ç®É¡A¨C­Ó¾Ç¥Í¥²¶·¥D°Ê¦a«Ø¥ß¦Û¤v¤ß¤¤ªº¼Æ¾Ç¬[ºc¡C«Øºc©Ê¼Æ¾Ç«äºû©M¥®µ£¦­´Á¼Æ¦r·§©Àªº¬ã¨s¡A³£Åã¥Ü¨àµ£·|«Øºc¦Û¤v¹ï¼Æ¾Çªº²z¸Ñ¡A¥L­Ì³£«Ü¦ÛµM¦a¡§µo©ú¡¨¤Î¹B¥Î¦Û¤vªº¤@®M¼Æ¾Çµ{§Ç¡A¦]³o¨Ç¤èªkÅý¥L­Ì¦b¦Û¤v¼ô±xªºÀô¹Ò¤¤¦³¸q·N¦aÀ³¥I¼Æ¾Ç°ÝÃD¡C¸ÕÁ|¤@­Ó©úÅ㪺¨Ò¤l¡AÁöµM¾Ç®Õ·|±j½Õ°O¾Ð¼Æ¦r¨Æ¹ê¡]number facts¡^¡A¤£¹L¥ô¦ó¤å¤Æ­I´ºªº¨àµ£¦b¶}©l¾Ç²ß¹Bºâ®É³£·|¹B¥Î¥L­Ì¦Û¤v¤@®Mªº­p¼Æ¤èªk¡C

 

¥t¥~¡A¥Ñ©ó¾Ç¥Í¬O¦b¤w¦³ª¾ÃѪº°ò¦¤W¥h«Øºc·sª¾ÃѪº¡A¾Ç²ß¤º®e«K»Ý·ÓÅU¾Ç¥Íªºµ{«×¡A­YµMÃø«×¹L°ª¡A¾Ç¥Í´N¤£¯à«Øºc°_·sª¾ÃÑ¡CºûªG´µ°ò(Vygotsky)´£¥X¤F¡u³Ìªñµo®i°Ï¡vªº²z½×¡A»{¬°·í¾Ç²ß¤º®e¬O¾Ç¥Í¤£¯à¿W¦Û¾Ç·|¡A¦ý¸g±Ð®vÀ°§U¤U«o¥i¥H¾Ç·|®É¡A³o¼Ëªº¤º®e«K¬O¦b¾Ç¥Í»{ª¾ªº¡u³Ìªñµo®i°Ï¡v¤º¡A¥ç¬O³Ì¯àÀ°§U¾Ç¥Í»{ª¾µo®iªº¡C¦¹®É±Ð®vªº§@¥Î´N¹³´£¨Ñ¤F¡u¨ó§U¤ä¬[¡v (scaffolding)¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í±o¥H¹ï·sª¾Ãѫإ߰_²z¸Ñ¡C¦b¯S®í±Ð¨|¤¤¡A±Ð¾Ç¹Lµ{±`¬O¥Ñ±Ð®v¥ý§@¥Ü½d¡AÄ~¦Ó¥u§@¤â¶Õ´£¥Ü¡A¦AÄ~¦Ó¥u§@¤fÀY´£¥Ü¡A³Ì«á­n¾Ç¥Í¦Û¦æ§¹¦¨¡A³o¤@¹Lµ{¤]¥i¬Ý§@¬O±Ð®v¦V¾Ç¥Í´£¨Ñ¡u¨ó§U¤ä¬[¡vªº¤@­Ó¨Ò¤l¡C

 

4.1.3     ª½±µÁ¿±Â¡]Direct Instruction¡^

²{¦æªº¼Æ¾Ç±Ð¾Ç¤j¦h¬O³q¹Lª½±µÁ¿±Â¶i¦æªº¡Cª½±µÁ¿±Â´N¬O±Ð®v³z¹Lµ²ºc¤Î½s§ÇÄYºòªº±Ð¾Çµ{§Ç¡Aª½±µ¦V¾Ç¥Í¶Ç±Â¾Ç¬ì§Þ¯à¡C¨ü¦æ¬°¥D¸q²z½×ªº¼vÅT¡A³o­Ó±Ð¾Ç¨ú¦Vªº¯SÂI¬O¥ý»EµJ©ó²Ó¤Àªº¡B¥iÆ[¹îªº§Þ¯à¡A¶i¦Óµ²¶°¦¨¸û°ª¼h¦¸ªº§Þ¯à¡A¨Ã¥H±Ð®v§@¥D¾É¡A­n¨D¤«¤«¦³±øªº±Ð±Â¡C«e«á³s³e¤Î¼h¦¸¤À©úªº¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¤º®e¥¿¦n¤Á¦X³o¨Ç­n¨D¡C

 

 

ª½±µÁ¿±Â³o­Ó±Ð¾Ç¨ú¦V¦b¯S®í±Ð¨|¤è­±³Ì¤jªº¼vÅT´N¬O¥ô°È¤ÀªRªk¡]task analysis¡^ªºÀ³¥Î¡A³z¹L±N±Ð¾Ç¥Ø¼Ð²Ó¤À¤Î¦³¨t²Î¦a²Õ´¡A¨Ã¶i¦æ¤£Â_ªº´ú¸Õ©M§@±Ð¾Ç¤Wªº½Õ¾A¡A¥O¾Ç¥Í±o¥H³v¨B¦aÁÚ¦V¹w¥ý½T¥ßªº±Ð¾Ç¥Ø¼Ð¡Cª½±µÁ¿±Â³o­Ó±Ð¾Ç¨ú¦V¤]»P³q¹F¾Ç²ß¡]mastery learning¡^¤Î®Ä²v¾Ç²ß¡]effective learning¡^ªº²z©À«D±`§k¦X¡C

 

¤£¤Ö¬ã¨s³£¤ä«ù¥ô°È¤ÀªRªk¤ÎÃþ¦üªº±Ð¾Ç¤èªk¡A»{¬°¹ï¦³¾Ç²ß§xÃøªº¾Ç¥Í¬O¥i¥H¦¬¨ì®ÄªGªº¡C¥ô°È¤ÀªRªkªº¨ãÅé¬I¦æ¨BÆJ½Ð°Ñ¾\ªþ¿ý¤E²Ä¤­¬q¡C

 

4.1.4     ¾Ç²ßµ¦²¤ªºÁ¿±Â¡]Learning-Strategies Instruction¡^

¹ï¤@¯ë¾Ç¥Í¦Ó¨¥¡A±Ð¾É¤Á¦X¾Ç¥Í»Ý­nªº¾Ç²ßµ¦²¤¹ï¥L­Ìªº¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¬O¦³À°§Uªº¡A³o¨Çµ¦²¤À³¥i´£¤É¥L­Ì¿W¥ß¦a¤Î¦¨¥\¦a¾Ç²ß¼Æ¾Çªº¯à¤O¡C±`¨£ªº¾Ç²ßµ¦²¤ªº¨Ò¤l¦³¡G

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¦b¾Ç²ßµ¦²¤¤§¤W¡A¾Ç¥ÍÁÙ­n¦³¦Û§ÚºÊ±±ªº¯à¤O¡A¥H¯à¦b¾A·íªº®É­Ô±Ä¥Î¾A·íªºµ¦²¤¥h§ïµ½¾Ç²ß¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦b¾\Ū®Éµo²{²z¸Ñ¤W¦³§xÃø¡A«K·|½Õ®Õ¾\Ūªº³t«×¡A¨Ã±Ä¥Î¦X¾Aªº²z¸Ñµ¦²¤¡C

 

¤j¦h¼Æ¦³¾Ç²ß§xÃøªº¾Ç¥Í³£¯Ê¤Ö¾Ç²ßµ¦²¤¤Î¦Û§ÚºÊ±±¡]self-monitoring and regulation¡^ªº¯à¤O¡A¥L­Ì¬O»Ý­n¯S§O±Ð¾Éªº¡C©¯¦n¬ã¨sÅã¥Ü¡A¦³¾Ç²ß§xÃøªº¾Ç¥Í¦b±µ¨ü¾Ç²ßµ¦²¤ªº±Ð¾Ç«á¡A¦b¾Ç²ß¤W½T¦³§ï¶i¡C¥L­Ì¦b´x´¤¤F¤£¦Pªº¾Ç²ßµ¦²¤«á¡A¾Ç·|¦p¦ó¾Ç²ß¡C

 

Montague»PBos (1989)«Øij¥H¤Uªº¤K­Ó¨BÆJ¡A¥hÀ°§U¦³¾Ç²ß§xÃøªº¾Ç¥Í´x´¤¼Æ¾Ç¸ÑÃøªºµ¦²¤¡G

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4.1.5     ¥H¸ÑÃø¬°¤¤¤ßªº±Ð¾Ç¨ú¦V

¦b¸ê°T«¬ªºªÀ·|¤¤¡Aª¾ÃѨ³³t¦a¼Wªø©M§ó·s¡C­n¾AÀ³§Ö³tÂàÅܪºªÀ·|¡A¾Ç¥Í¶È´x´¤°ò¥»ªºª¾ÃÑ©M§Þ¯à¬O¤£°÷ªº¡A¥L­ÌÁÙ¶·À´±o¦p¦óÀò¨ú·sª¾ÃÑ¡A¨Ã¹B¥Î¥¦¥h¸Ñ¨M©Ò¸I¨ìªº°ÝÃD¡C¦]¦¹¡A¸ÑÃø¯à¤Oªº°ö¾i¦b¾Ç®Õ½Òµ{¤¤¥¿¦û¦³·U¨Ó·U­«­nªº¦ì¸m¡C

 

¸Ñ¨M¤@­Ó¼Æ¾Ç°ÝÃD¡A¤@¯ë¥i«ö¤@©wªºµ{§Ç¨Ó¶i¦æ¡C¨Ò¦p¡APolya (1945) ´£¥X¤F¥H¤Uªº¥|­Ó¸ÑÃø¨BÆJ¡G­º¥ý¡A¾Ç¥Í»Ý­n¤ÀªR¤ÎÄÄÄÀ¸ê®Æ¡A¥H²M·¡¤F¸Ñ°ÝÃD¡F²Ä¤G¡A¿ï¾Ü¸Ñ¨M³o­Ó°ÝÃDªº¾A·í¤èªk¤Î¹B¥Î³o­Ó¤èªk¡F²Ä¤T¡A§â°ÝÃDªºµª®×©Îµ²½×ªí¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡F³Ì«á¡AÅçÃÒµª®×©Îµ²½×ªº¦X²z©Ê¡C¾¨ºÞ¦p¦¹¡A¤£¤Ö¾Ç¥Í¹ï¸ÑÃø¤´¬O·P¨ì§xÃøªº¡C¤@¨Ç¾ÇªÌ´£¥X¡A³o¬O¥Ñ©ó¾Ç¥Í¤£¤Öªºª¾ÃѬO¿W¥ß©ó¨äÀ³¥Î¦Ó¾Ç±oªº¡A¬G·í¾Ç¥Í¹J¤WÀ³¥Îªº°ÝÃD®É¡AÁöµM¥L­Ì¤w¦³¸Ñ¨M¸Ó°ÝÃDªºª¾ÃÑ¡A¦ý­YµL§O¤H´£¥Ü¡A«K©¹©¹¤£¯à¦Ûµo¦a¹B¥Î¥X¨Ó¡A³o²{¶H³QºÙ¬°´k©Êª¾ÃÑ(inert knowledge)²{¶H¡C³o¨Ç¾ÇªÌ»{¬°¡A­n¼W±j¾Ç¥Í¦b¤£¦P©M¥þ·sªº±¡¹Ò¤UÀ³¥Îª¾ÃѶi¦æ¸ÑÃøªº¯à¤O¡A±Ð®vÀ³·í§â±Ð¾Ç­Ê³Ä(anchored)¦b¯u¹ê¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº°ÝÃD±¡¹Ò¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í¦b¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃDªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¬Ý¨ì©Ò¾Çª¾ÃÑ»P¹ê»Ú°ÝÃDªºÃö«Y¤Î¦p¦ó¥hÀ³¥Î¡A³o¼Ë´N¥i¥H¼W±j¥L­Ì¹B¥Îª¾ÃѪº¯à¤O¤F¡Cªñ¦~½Ò·~¦b½Ò°ó±Ð¾Ç¤¤ªº¹B¥Î¡A¥i»¡¬O°ò©ó¦P¤@ªº²z©À¡C

 

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ÁקKÅý¾Ç¥Í¹L¦­¾Ç²ß°ª©ó¨äµ{«×ªº¤º®e¡C­º¥ýÅý¾Ç¥Í´x´¤¨ãÅ骺¨Æª«¡A¦b¨ú±o¨¬°÷ªº¼Æ¾Ç·§©À«á¡A¤~¥¿¦¡¾Ç²ß©â¶Hªº¼Æ¾Ç·§©À¡A¨Ò¦p±q¼Æ¦r³vº¥¨ì²Å¸¹ªº³B²z¡F±q§Îª¬ªº³B²z¨ì¦ì¸mªº´yø¡A¶i¦Ó¨ì»{ÃѤGºû©M¤TºûªÅ¶¡ªº¯à¤O¡F±q´ú¶q¥iª½±µ¶q«×ªºª«¥ó¨ì´ú¶q¥u¥i¶¡±µ¶q«×ªºª«¥ó¡A¶i¦Ó¨ì©â¶Hªº¶q«×¡A¨Ò¦p·§²v©M¶°¤¤ÁͶաF±q¸ê®Æªº³B²z¨ì¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃD¡BÄÄÄÀ©M±À½×¡C±Ð±Â©â¶Hªº·§©À®É¡AÀ³»²¥H¤j¶q¼Æ¾Ç¤W©M«D¼Æ¾Ç¤Wªº¤é±`¥Í¬¡¨Ò¤l¡C

 

4.2.2     ±Ð®vªº¨¤¦â

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            ±q¾÷±ñ¦¡¦a´M§äµª®×ÂàÅܦܦh¹B¥Î±À·Q¡B³Ð·N©M¸ÑÃø§Þ¥©¡F±q±j°O­pºâ¹Lµ{ÂàÅܦܹB¥Î¤w¦³ª¾ÃѤμƾDZÀ²z¡A«Øºc¦Û¤v¹ï¼Æ¾Çªº²z¸Ñ¡A§â¤@°ï¿W¥ßªº·§©À©Mµ{§ÇÂàÅܦܧâ¼Æ¾Çªº·§©À¤ÎÀ³¥Î³s°_¨Ó¡C

 

4.2.4     ®v¥Í¤Î¦P¾Ç¶¡ªº¤¬°Ê

            ±Ð®v»Ý­n¦h²âÅ¥¾Ç¥Í³B²z¼Æ¾Ç°ÝÃDªº¤èªk¡A±q¤¤»{ÃѾǥͪº«ä¦Ò¤èªk¡Bªø³B¤Îµu³B¡A¨Ã¿Ä¶×¦b±Ð¾Çªk¤¤¡C»P¾Ç¥Í°Q½×¼Æ¾ÇÀ³¬O¨C¤Ñ½Ò«Ç¤éµ{ªº¤@³¡¤À¡C¦Ó¦P¾Ç¶¡¥ç»Ý­n¤¬¬Û¤À¨É¾Ç²ß¹Lµ{¤Î¦¨ªG¡C³o¼Ë¬O¥i¥H´£°ª¾Ç¥Íªº«äºû¤Î·¾³q¯à¤O¡A¥ç¥i¥H¦³®Ä¦a½Õ¾A½Òµ{¤Î§ïµ½¾Ç»P±Ð¡A¥H·ÓÅU¾Ç²ß®t²§¡C

 

4.2.5     ¸ê°T¬ì§Þªº¹B¥Î

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4.3.1     «äºû¤è­±

            ¤£¤Ö¦³¯S®í±Ð¨|»Ý­n¾Ç¥Íªº«äºû¯à¤O¸û¬°Á¡®z¡A¦]¦¹¥L­Ì¦b·§¬A¡BÃþ¤ñ¡BÁp·Q¡B©â¶H«ä¦Ò©MÀ³¥Î¯à¤O¤è­±³£·|µy»¹¡C¥L­Ìªº«ä·Q¦]¦Ó¤íÆF¬¡©Ê¤Î¿W¥ß©Ê¡C¦]¦¹¡A¥L­Ì·|«ö©T©w¤èªk³B¨Æ¡A¹ï¸ÑÃø¥i¯à§ô¤âµLµ¦¡A·¥ºÝ¨Ò¤l¨£©ó¦Û³¬¾Ç¥Í·í¤¤¡C¦P®É¥L­Ì¥ç®e©öª¼±qªþ©M§O¤H¡C¨Ò¦p¥L­Ì¥i¯à¤fÀY°Û¼Æ©Î±j°O¼Æ¦r¦Ó¤£²z¸Ñ¼Æ¶q¡C³o¨Ç¤è­±ªº¯S©Ê¬O¤£§QµÛ­«ÅÞ¿è«äºû¤ÎÆF¬¡¹B¥Î¤w¾Ç·§©À©Mª¾ÃѶi¦æ¸ÑÃøªº¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ßªº¡C¤£¹L¡AÁa¨Ï¦b¾Ç²ß¤W¦³¤@¨Ç§xÃø¡A¾Ç¥Í¬OÀ³¦³¯à¤OÀ³¥I²Å¦X¥L­Ì´¼¯àªº¼Æ¾Ç½ÒÃD¡A¦Ó±Ð®v¥çÀ³½T©w¾Ç¥Í©ú¥Õ¥L­Ì»Ý­n¾Ç²ßªº¤º®e¡C

4.3.2     °O¾Ð¤è­±

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               ¦b¾Ç²ß¼Æ¾Ç¹Bºâ®É¡A¼Æ¦r¨t²Î¡]number system¡^ªº»{ÃѬO¤Q¤À­«­nªº¡A­Y­n¶i¦æ¦³®Ä²vªº¹Bºâ¡A¾Ç¥Í»Ý­n¹ï¥[¡B´î¡B­¼¡B°£ªº¼Æ¦r¨Æ¹ê¡]number facts¡^«D±`¼ô±x¡A¦b°O¾Ð¤è­±¦³°ÝÃDªº¾Ç¥Í¡A¥i¯à¯à°÷²z¸Ñ¼Æ¦r¨t²Î¡A¦ý«oµLªk§Ö³t°O°_¼Æ¦r¨Æ¹ê¡A¦]¦¹¨C¦¸¶i¦æ¹Bºâ³£­nªá¤£¤Öºë¤O©M®É¶¡¥h¼Æ¼Æ¡C¦Ü©óµøı°O¾Ð¡A«h¹ï¾Ç²ß´X¦ó¹Ï§Î¡A¤×¬°­«­n¡C

 

4.3.3     ª`·N¤O¤è­±

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4.3.4     ­@¤O¤è­±

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4.3.5     ·Pª¾¤è­±

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            ¦bµøı·Pª¾¤è­±¡A¦³¨Ç¨àµ£¨ì¤F¾A·íªº¦~ÄÖÁÙ¨S¦³¯à¤O³v²Õ¦aÆ[¹îª«¥ó¡A±q¦Ó¤£¯à»{¥X¤@²Õ¤º¦³¦h¤Ö¥óª«¥ó¡A­n¥L­Ì¥[°_¤@°ï¦³3¥ó¤Î¤@°ï4¥óªºª«¥ó®É¡A¥L­Ì³£­n³v¥ó¦a¼Æ¡F¦³¨Ç¨àµ£«h¤£¯à§¹¾ã¦aı¹î¨ì¾ã­Ó´X¦ó¹Ï§Î¡A¥¿¤è§Î¹ï¥L­Ì¨Ó»¡¥u¬O¥|±ø¨S¦³Ãö«Yªº½u±ø¡F§ó¦³¨Ç¨àµ£Ãø©ó¤À¿ë¼Æ¦r¡C

            ¦bªÅ¶¡ªº·Pı¤è­±¡A¦³¨Ç¨àµ£¥¼¯à¹³¥L­Ìªº¦PÄÖ¦P½ú±q§âª±®e¾¹¡B²°¤lµ¥¡A©ÎªÌ§â¤pªº©ñ¶i¤jªº²±¾¹ùØ¥hªº¬¡°Ê¤¤¡Aµo®i¥X¹ïªÅ¶¡¡B¶¶§Ç¡B¦¸§Çªº·Pı¡C³o¨Ç¨àµ£¦b¥®¸X¶é¦~¬ö¤w¤£³ßÅw¿n¤ì¡B«÷¹Ï¡B¼Ò«¬¤Î«Øºc©Êªºª±¨ã¡A±q¦Ó·l¥¢¤FÀò±o¼Æ¾Ç¸gÅ窺¾÷·|¡C¥L­Ì¹ï¦ì¸mªº»{ÃÑ¡A¨Ò¦p«e«á¡B¤W¤U¡B»·ªñ¡B¶}©l¡Bµ²§ôµ¥¡A³£·|·P¨ì§xÃø¡A³o¬O·|¼vÅT¥L­Ì¹ï¼Æ¦r¨t²Îªº²z¸Ñ¡A¨Ò¦p¥L­ÌÃø¥H¤À¿ë¼Æ¦r¶¡¤Î¨ä¦b¼Æ½u¤Wªº¶ZÂ÷¡A¥L­Ì¥i¯à¥¼¯àı¹î3¬O¸û6±µªñ4 ªº¡C¥t¥~¡A¥L­Ì¹ï¨­Åé¥D­n¾¹©xªº¦ì¸m¤]¬O¦L¶H¼Ò½kªº¡C

 

            ¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ßÁÙ¥]¬A¤£¤Ö¹Ï§Î©MªÅ¶¡ªº·§©À©M»Ý­n³q¹Lµøı·Pª¾¾Ç²ßªº§Þ¯à¡A¨Ò¦p¿ë§O¡B¤ÀÃþ¡B²Õ¦X¡B¤è¦Vµ¥¡A¹ï·Pª¾¤è­±¦³°ÝÃDªº¨àµ£¡A³£¬O·¥¤jªº¬D¾Ô¡C

 

                  ¦Ü©óµøı®z¯à¾Çµ£¡A¥L­Ì»Ý­n­±¹ïªº¬D¾Ô§ó¤j¡A­^°êNational Numeracy Strategyùتº2001¤ä´©µøı®z¯à¾Çµ£«ü¤Þ(Guidance to support pupils with visual impairment 2001)¹ï¥L­Ì¦b¼Æ¦r»{ÃÑ¡B¹Bºâ¡B¸ÑÃø¡B«×¶q¡B¹Ï§Î»PªÅ¶¡¤è­±ªº¾Ç²ß±¡ªp§@¤F°Q½×¡A­nÂI¨£ªþ¿ý¤»¡C

 

4.3.6     ¦Ù¯à¤è­±

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               ³o¤è­±ªº°ÝÃD³Ìª½±µ¼vÅT¼g¼Æ¦r¡Bµe¹Ï©M¹B¥Îø¹Ï»ö¾¹µ¥¡F¦P®É¡A§ó¼sªx¦a­­¨î¤F¾Ç¥Íªº¬¡°Ê¡A¦A¥[¤W·Pª¾¤è­±ªº°ÝÃD¡A·|§½­­¤F¥L­Ì¹ïÀô¹Ò©MªÅ¶¡ªº»{ÃÑ©M¸gÅç¡]¥]¬A¼Æ¾Ç¸gÅç¡^ªº²Ö¿n¡A±q¦Ó²H¤Æ¹ï©P¾Dªº¦n©_¡A¥´À»¦U¤è­±ªº¨Dª¾±ý¡B³Ð·N¤O©M¸ÑÃøªº°Ê¤O¡C

 

            ­Y¦A¥[¤Wı¹î§Îª¬¡B»{ÃѪŶ¡Ãö«Y¤Î§@¥X§PÂ_ªº§xÃø¡A¨àµ£±N¤£¯à§Û¼g¹Ï§Î¡B¼Æ¦r©M¤å¦r¡A³o¹ï¥L­Ìªº¤â¼g©M­pºâ³£¦³Ãa¼vÅT¡F·í¾Ç¥Í¤£¯à§â¼Æ¦r®Ñ¼g¦Û¦p¡A¥L­Ì±NÃø©ó¦b®Ñ¼g¹Bºâª½¦¡®É§â¼Æ¦rªº¦ì­È¹ï¦n¡Aµ²ªG´N¬O¹Bºâ¿ù»~¡C

 

4.3.7     ¨¥»y¤Î·¾³q¤è­±

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            ¦Ü©óťı¡]hearing¡^©Î/©M¨¥»y¡]speech and language¡^¤è­±¦³§xÃøªº¾Çµ£¡A­^°êNational Numeracy Strategyùتº2001¤ä´©¦³¨¥»y§xÃø¾Çµ£«ü¤Þ¡]Guidance to support pupils with speech and language difficulties 2001¡^¤Î¤ä´©Å¥Ä±®z¯à¾Çµ£«ü¤Þ¡]Guidance to support pupils with hearing impairment 2001¡^¡A§ó¨ãÅé«ü¥X¥L­Ì¦b¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ßªº¦U¤è­±¥i¯à­±¹ïªº±¡ªp¡A­nÂI¨£ªþ¿ý¤C¡C

 

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4.3.8     ¦Û¨î¤è­±

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4.4  ¦³¯S®í±Ð¨|»Ý­n¨àµ£½Òµ{µ¦¹º©M±Ð¾Ç­ì«h

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®Ú¾Ú¥¬¾|¯Ç¡]Bruner¡^ªº²z½×¡A¨àµ£«Ø¥ß¤@­Ó·§©À¬O¥ý±q²z¸Ñ¸Ó·§©Àªº¹êª«ª¬ªp¶}©l¡A¶i¦Ó¦Üªí¶H¼h¦¸¡A¦A¨ì²Å¸¹¶¥¬q¡C¦]¦¹¯à¤O¸û§C¾Ç¥Í¾Ç²ß¼Æ¾Ç·§©À¤]À³¨Ì´`³o­Ó¨BÆJ¡A¦ý»Ý­n¥[±j¹êª«¾Ç²ß¡A¥H¾d©T¹ï¸Ó·§©Àªº»{ª¾°ò¦¡C¨Ò¦p¡G¤G¥[¤Tµ¥©ó¤­ªº¾Ç²ß¡A«K¥i¥]¬A¤U¦C¼h¦¸¡G

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¦³®Äªº½Æ²ß¬O¸É±Ï°O¾Ð¤O®zªº¨}¤è¡C¬G¨C¦¸ªº¾Ç²ß¤º®e¥i¥H¦³³¡¥÷­«ÂСA¦ý¾Ç²ß§Î¦¡«o­n¦h¼Ë¤Æ¡C¦b¤£¦Pªº³B¹Ò¹B¥Î¬Û¦Pªº·§©À¤]¥i¹F¨ì½Æ²ßªº¥Øªº¡A¦P®É§ó¥i¥H°ö¾iÆF¬¡ªº«ä¦Ò©M¾Ç²ßªºÂಾ¡C­n¶i¦æ¦³®Äªº½Æ²ß¡A±Ð®v»Ý­n¯d·N(1)¨C¦¸­«½Æ½m²ß³£¨ã³Æ¤@¨Ç·s¤º®e¥HÁקK¬y©ó³æ½Õ¡A¦ý¤S­n¦³¨¬°÷ªº­«ºt¥H¹F¨ì¹L´ç¾Ç²ß¡A(2)½Æ²ß­n¤Î®É¡A(3)½Æ²ß­n°w¹ï¯S©wªº¾Ç²ß­«ÂI¡A¤Á¤Å¨Ï¤@­Ó½m²ß¥]ù¸U¦³¡A(4)½Æ²ßªº¤è¦¡­n·s¿o©M¦³ÅܤơA¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¤u§@¯È¡B°{Íü¡B§¹¦¨¤u§@¦³¼ú½àµ¥¦æ¬°³B²z§Þ¥©¡A¥Hºû«ù¾Ç²ß¿³½ì¡A(5)½Æ²ßªº¦¸¼Æ©M¨C¦¸ªº®É¶¡­n¾A·í¡A¥H§K¾Ç¥Í¹½­Â¡C

 

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4.4.5     ¿ï¥Î»P¥Í¬¡¦³Ãöªº¾Ç²ß¤º®e¥H¥[±j¾Ç²ß»Ý­nªº­¢¤Á©Ê

            ¼Æ¾Ç±Ð¨|À³µÛ­«·§©Àªº¾Ç²ß©M¤é±`ªºÀ³¥Î¡A¦Ó¾Þ½m¡B±j°Oµ¥¤èªkÀ³¦Ò¼{¨ä¹ê¥Î»ù­È¤~¥i¨Ï¥Î¡C¦Ü©ó¹Bºâ½m²ß«hÀ³ºÉ¶q»PÀ³¥Î±¾鈎¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í·Pı¨ì¾Ç²ß³o¨Ç½ÒÃDªº­¢¤Á»Ý­n¡A±q¦Ó¤Þ°_¾Ç¥Íªº¾Ç²ß°Ê¾÷©M¹ïª¾ÃѪº°l¨D¡A¨Ò¦p³Ì¨üÅwªïºq¬P´¦¾å®É¡A¥Î²Î­p¹Ï¤ñ¸û«a­x©M¨È­xªº®t¶Z¡F¾Ç²ß©ÎµM²v®É¡A¥HÂY²@¬°¨Ò¡F¾Ç²ß¤£³W«hª«Å骺Åé¿n®É¡AÅý¾Ç¥Í¶i¦æ¸ÕÅç¡C

 

            °t¦X±¡¹Òªº±Ð¾Ç¡A°£¥i¥H¨Ï¾Ç²ß¤º®e¨ãÅé¤Æ¥~¡A¥ç¥i¥H¨Ï¾Ç²ß¤º®e¥Í¬¡¤Æ¡C¡u±¡¹Ò±Ð¾Çªk¡vªº¹B¥Î¡A¬O§â½ÒÃDªº¾Ç²ß¥Ø¼Ð¡A¿Ä¤J¨ì¤@­Ó¼ÒÀÀªº±¡¹Ò·í¤¤¡A¨Ï¨âªÌ²£¥Í¬Û¤¬ªºÃö«Y¡]¤_¤åÄõ, 1997¡^¡C·í¾Ç²ß¥N¤J±¡¹Ò®É¡A¹B¥Îª¾ÃѪº»Ý­n©M¾÷·|¬ÛÀ³¦a²£¥Í¡A¦b³o­Ó±¡ªp¤U¡A¾Ç¥Í«K¯àÅé·|¨ì¾Ç²ß¬O¥i¥H¦³®Ä¦a¸Ñ¨M¤é±`¥Í¬¡¤¤¹J¨ìªº°ÝÃD¡C¡u±¡¹Ò±Ð¾Çªk¡v¤]¯à¥O¾Ç¥ÍÅé·|¨ìª¾ÃѪº¹ê¥Î©Ê©M¾Ç²ß¸Óª¾ÃѪº«æ¤Á©Ê¡A±q¦Ó¼W±j¥L­Ìªº¾Ç²ß°Ê¾÷¡A¨Ã±N®ø·¥ªº³Q°Ê¾Ç²ß¨¤¦âÂàÅܦ¨¿n·¥¥D°Êªº¾Ç²ß¡]¼ï¤p©ú, 1998; »¯¤jÂv, 1998¡^¡C

 

4.4.6     ½T«O¦³®Äªº·¾³q¡A¶i¦Ó¹ªÀy«P¶i¾Ç²ßªº·¾³q

            ¤@¯ë¦³¯S®í±Ð¨|»Ý­n¾Ç¥Í¦b¨¥»y±µ¦¬©Mªí¹F¤è­±³£¦³¤£¦Pµ{«×ªº§xÃø¡A¦Ó¼Æ¾Çªºµü·J»P¤@¯ë¥Î»y¤]µy¦³¤£¦P¡A¨Ò¦p¡u§é¦©²v¡v¤¤¡Aµ¹¤©40%§é¦©¡A§Y¬O¡u¥´¤»§é¡v¦Ó¤£¬O¡u¥´¥|§é¡v¡A©Ò¥H±Ð®v»Ý­n¤p¤ß¿ï¥Î¾Ç¥Í¥i¥H²z¸Ñªº¦r¡Bµü©Î¥y¡A¦P®É¤]­n¦³¨t²Î¦a±Ð±Â¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß»â°ìªºµü·J¡C¨¥»y±µ¦¬©Mªí¹F¤è­±ªº§xÃø¤]¥i¥H³q¹L¦h¹B¥Î¨ä¥L·P©xªº±Ð§÷±Ð¨ã¥H»²§U¸Ñ¨M¡C

 

            ¦bÀ°§Uťı®z¯à¾Ç¥Í¾Ç²ß®É¡A±Ð®vÀ³µ¹¤©¾Ç¥Í²M·¡©M©ú½Tªº«ü¥Ü¡A¦³»Ý­n®É¡A¥i¦P®Éµ¹¤©µøı¤Îťı¤Wªº´£¥Ü¡C¾Ç¥Í­Y¤£©ú¥Õ¬Y¨Ç¥y¤l¡A¥i¥H¦Ò¼{§â¥y¤l­«¾ã¡A¤Îªþ¥Hµøı»²§U¡A¨Ò¦p¹Ï¥Ü¡B¤å¦r¡B¤â¶Õµ¥¡C¦b¦w±Æ½Ò«Ç®y¦ì®É¡AÀ³Åý¾Ç¥Í§¤ªñ±Ð®v¤Î¨ä¥LÁn·½ªº¦X¾A¦ì¸m¡A¦P®É³Ì¦n¯àÅý¥L­Ì¬Ý¨ì¯Z¤¤¨ä¥L¦P¾Ç¡C¦pªG¾Ç¥Í°t¦³§UÅ¥¾¹¡A±Ð®vÀ³Àˬd§UÅ¥¾¹¬O§_¾Þ§@¥¿±`¡A¦P®É¯d·N¾Ç¥Í¬O§_¥¿±`¨Ï¥Î§UÅ¥¾¹¡C¥¿¦]¬°¼Æ¾Çªºµü·J»P¤@¯ë¥Î»y¤]µy¦³¤£¦P¡A¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¤]´£¨Ñ¤F¤@­Ó¤£¦Pªº¾Ç²ßÀô¹Ò¥HÂXÁï¾Ç¥Íªº»{ª¾¤Î·¾³q¸gÅç¡C°£½T«O¾Ç¥Í±µ¦¬¥¿½T°T®§¥~¡A±Ð®vÀ³¹ªÀy¾Ç¥Í´y­z¾Ç²ßªº¹Lµ{¡A¨Ò¦p¡G°µ¥[ªkÀ³¥ÎÃD®É¡A¸ÑÄÀ¬°¦ó¨M©w³oÃD­n¹B¥Î¥[ªk¡AµM«á¦C¥X¾î¦¡¡A¦A«á¦C¥Xª½¦¡¡A¨Ã¸ÑÄÀ¨âºØºâ¦¡¤¤¨C­Ó¼Æ¦r¤Î²Å¸¹ªºÂ\©ñ¦ì¸m¡A³Ì«áºâ¥Xµª®×¡A¨Ã»¡¥X­pºâ¹Lµ{¡C¾ã­Ó·¾³q¹Lµ{¤¤¡A±Ð®v¥i¥H§ó¤F¸Ñ¾Ç¥Íªº«ä·Q¹Lµ{¡B±´¨D¥X¨ä®zÂI¤Î±j¶µ¡F¦P¾Ç¶¡«h¦b·¾³q¹Lµ{¤¤¤¬¬Û«ü¥¿¡B¾Ç²ß¡B¤Î«P¶i¦b·NÃѪº¤ÀªR©M·¾³q¡C

 

            ­^°êªºNational Numeracy Strategy¡]2001¡^¤¤ªº¤ä´©¦³¨¥»y§xÃø¾Çµ£«ü¤Þ¡]Guidance to support pupils with speech and language difficulties, 2001¡^¤Î¤ä´©Å¥Ä±®z¯à¾Çµ£«ü¤Þ¡A¡]Guidance to support pupils with hearing impairment, 2001¡^¥ç´£¥X°w¹ï¦³¨¥»y§xÃø¤Îťı®z¯à¾Çµ£­Ó§O°ÝÃDªº«Øij¡A­nÂI¨£ªþ¿ý¤K¡C

 

            ¦Ü©ó·¾³q¤W¨Ã¨S¦³§e²{©úÅã°ÝÃDªº¾Ç¥Í¡A¦b¾Ç²ß¼Æ¾Ç®É¡A³£»Ý­n¨è·NºÉ¶qµo®i·¾³q¯à¤O¡A¦]¬°³o¬O«P¶i¾Ç²ß¤Î¤u§@ªº°ò¥»¯à¤O¤§¤@¡C±Ð®vÀ³Åý¨C­Ó¾Ç¥Í¤fÀY´y­z¤Î¸ÑÄÀ¶i¦æ­pºâ¼ÆÃDªº¹Lµ{¤Î±Ä¥Î¬Y­Ó¤èªkªº­ì¦]¡A°ö¾i¾Ç¥Í³o¤è­±ªº¯à¤O¡A±Ð®v»Ý­n¤¶²Ð¨¬°÷ªº¾A·í¦r·J¤Î½m²ß¡C±q»P¾Ç¥Í¤fÀY°Q½×¼ÆÃDªº­pºâ¤Î¨ä¥L¼Æ¾Ç¬¡°Ê¤¤¡A±Ð®v¥i¥H²M·¡²z¸Ñ¾Ç¥Íªº¾Ç²ß¤ß±o¤Î©Ò¹J¨ìªº§xÃø¡A³o¬O¦³®Äªº±qµû¦ô¤¤«P¶i¾Ç²ß¡C

 

4.4.7     ¦Ò¼{¾Ç¥Íªº±j¶µ¤Î®zÂI

            ¦b¨M©w¼Æ¾Ç±Ð¾Çªk«e¡A±Ð®v°£»Ý­n¤F¸Ñ¾Ç¥Í¦b¼Æ¾Ç¤W¦¨ÁZ¤Î¤w¦³ª¾ÃѤ§¥~¡A¥çÀ³¸Ó¤F¸Ñ¾Ç¥Íªº¯à¤O¤Î®zÂI¡A¨Ò¦p¾Ç¥Íªº®z¯à±¡ªp¹ï¥L­Ì¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¦³¬Æ»ò¼vÅT¡H¦b¬Æ»ò±¡ªp¤U¥L­Ì·|¥Î¦P¼Ëªº¤âªk³B²z°ÝÃD¡H½Æ²ßªº°_ÂI­n¦A±À«e¦h¤Ö¤~¥i¥H¬°¾Ç¥Íªº¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¸É©³¡H¦Ò¼{¾Ç¥Íªº±j¶µ¤Î®zÂI«á¡A¨º¨Ç±Ð¾Çªk¡B¾Ç²ß¨ú¦V¤Î¤º®e¤~¥i¯à·|¦³®Ä¡HJohnson¡]1987¡^¡A; Bley & Thornton¡]1989¡^´£¥X¤F¤@¨Ç´£°Ý¡AÀ°§U±Ð®v¤@¯ë©Ê¦a¤F¸Ñ¾Ç¥Íªº¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß²{ªp¡G

 

(1)         ½T©w¾Ç¥Í¬O§_¤F¸Ñ¼Æªººc³y¤Îºâ³Nªº¹Bºâ¡C¾Ç¥Í¬O§_©ú¥Õ¤f»y»¡¥Xªº¼Æ¦r¡H¾Ç¥Í¥i§_Ū¼Æ¤Î¼g¼Æ¡H¾Ç¥Í¯à§_¶i¦æ°ò¥»¹Bºâ¡Hµ¹¨â­Ó¼Æ¡A¾Ç¥Í¯à§_»{¥X¨º­Ó¸û¤j¡B¨º­Ó¸û¤p¡H

(2)     ½T©w¤@¤U¾Ç¥Í¹ïªÅ¶¡©M¤è¦Vªº»{ÃÑ¡C¾Ç¥Í¬O§_½T©w¤F¬O¥ª¤èÁÙ¬O¥k¤è¾É¦V¡H¥L¬O§_¦³²V¶Ã¤F¤è¦Vªºªí²{¡H

(3)     ¾Ç¥Íªº»y¨¥¯à¤O¦b¬Æ»òµ{«×¤W¼vÅT¾Ç¥Í¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¤Wªº§xÃø¡H¾Ç¥Íªº»y¨¥²z¸Ñ¤Îªí¹F¯à¤O·|§_¼vÅT¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¡H

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(5)     ¾Ç¥Í¬O§_¦³°O¾Ð©Î±Mª`¤O¤è­±ªº°ÝÃD¼vÅT¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¡H¾Ç¥Í¹ï°O¾Ð¼Æ¾Ç¸ê®Æ¬O§_¦³°ÝÃD¡H

 

¥H¤W¦C¥X¤F¤@¨Ç¦ô¶q¾Ç¥Í¤@¯ë¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß±¡ªpªº«Øij¡A­Y¤w±o±x¾Ç¥Í¦b¬Y¤è­±ªº­­¨î¡A±Ð®v¥i¥H§@¸û°w¹ï©Êªº³B²z¡A¨Ò¦p¥H¤W4.4.6¬q¥¿¬O´N¾Ç¥Í¦b·¾³q¤Wªº§xÃø©Ò¤Þ¥Xªº¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß°ÝÃD¡A´£¥X¸É±Ï¤èªk¡C

 

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¦]¬°µøı®z¯à¾Ç¥Í¤£¯àÀò±o»P¼Æ¾Ç·§©À¦³Ãöªºµøı¸gÅç¡A±Ð®vÀ³µÛ­«¥L­Ì±q¨ä¥L·P©xÀò±o¿Ë¨­¸gÅç¡F±Ð®v¥ç»Ý«ö¥L­Ìªº®z¯àµ{«×±N±Ð§÷§ï½s¡A¨Ã¬°¨àµ£´£¨Ñ¦X¾Aªº¨Ò¤l¡F¦b·¾³q¤W¡AÀ³¨Ï¥Î¹º¤@ªº¼Æ¾Ç»y¨¥©M¦Wµü¡A¦p¦³»Ý­n¥çÀ³¦V¨àµ£¤¶²Ð¦³Ãö­pºâ¥Îªº¼Æ¾ÇÂI¦r¡F¦b±Ð±Â¼Æ¾Ç·§©À¤è­±¡A±Ð®v¶·§Q¥Î»P¨àµ£¤é±`¥Í¬¡¦³Ãöªº¬¡°Ê©M°ö¾i¥L­ÌIJı§Þ¥©ªº»²§U±Ð¨ã¡A¨Ò¦p±Ð®vÀ³¯S§O»s³y¹Ï§Î¡A¤×¨ä¬O¥ßÅ骺¹Ï§Î¡AÀ°§U¾d©T·§©À¡C

 

ºî¦X­^°êªºNational Numeracy Strategy¡]2001¡^¤¤ªº¤ä´©¦³µøı®z¯à¾Çµ£«ü¤Þ¡]Guidance to support pupils with visual impairment, 2001¡^¡A¥H¤Îµøı®z¯à¾Çµ£±Ð®vªº±Ð¾Ç¸gÅç¡A¥»±Ð¾Ç«ü¤Þ¹Á¸Õ¦C¥XÀ°§Uµøı®z¯à¾Ç¥Í¦b¼Æ¦r»{ÃÑ¡B¹Bºâ¡B¼Æ¾Ú³B²z¡B¸ÑÃø¡B«×¶q¡B¹Ï§Î»PªÅ¶¡¤è­±¾Ç²ßªº«Øij¡A­nÂI¨£ªþ¿ý¤E¡C

 

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            ±Ð®v¦b±Ð¾Ç¤¤¡A¥²©w¸gÅç¹L¾Ç¥Í¦b¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¤W±`¥Çªº¿ù»~¡A¨Ã´¿¹Á¸Õ¤F¸Ñ¨ä¦¨¦]©M³]­p»²¾É¾Ç¥Íªº¦³®Ä¤èªk¡C·í¥t¤@§å¾Ç¥Í»Ý­n¾Ç²ß¦³Ãöªº½ÒÃD®É¡A±Ð®v±N·|®æ¥~¯d¯«¡AÀ°§U¾Ç¥ÍÁקK©Î§JªA®e©ö¥Ç¿ùªº³¡¤À¡C

 

            §EºaêP¡]1990¡^«ü¥X¼Æ¾Ç¾Ç²ß¤W¾Ç¥Í±`¥Çªº¿ù»~¦p¤U¡G

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