Physical, intellectual, emotional and social developments
Physical |
- Growth : changes in appearance, body shape and weight
- Development in one's physical skills: gross motor skills (e.g. running) and fine motor skills (e.g.writing)
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Intellectual |
- Development of the ability to memorize, reason, analyze and make rational decisions
- including language development and cognitive development
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Emotional |
- Development of the ability to recognize and express emotions properly, including joy, anger, grief, fear and frustration
- Development of the ability to cope with stress, worries and depression in daily life
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Social |
- Development of the ability to establish and maintain good relationships with others
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Theories of Development
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development |
- Sensorimotor
- Preoperational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
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Freud’s theory of psychosexual development |
- Oral Stage
- Anal Stage
- Phallic Stage
- Latency Stage
- Genital Stage
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Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development |
- Trust versus mistrust
- Autonomy versus shame and doubt
- Initiative versus guilt
- Industry versus inferiority
- Identity versus role confusion
- Intimacy versus isolation
- Generativity versus stagnation
- Integrity versus despair
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Kohlberg’s theory of moral development |
Pre-conventional Level
- Stage 1 punishment-obedience orientation
- Stage 2 instrumental-relativist orientation
Conventional Level
- Stage 3 interpersonal-concordance orientation
- Stage 4 authority and social order-maintaining orientation
Post-Conventional Level
- Stage5 social-contract legalistic orientation
- Stage 6 universal ethical principle orientation
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Attachment
- Secure attachment
- Ambivalent attachment
- Avoidant attachment
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
- Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belongingness needs, esteem needs, need for self-actualisation
Self-concept
- Self-image – how one perceives and understands oneself
- Ideal self – a person that one would like to be
- Self-esteem – how one feels and judges oneself
Socialisation
- The lifelong process of acquiring values, skills and behaviours expected of individuals as a member of a particular society.
Socialising agents
- Primary Socialisation – family, with parents, siblings and relatives
- Secondary Socialisation – friends or peers outside home
- Tertiary Socialisation – other formal groups in the society
Family
- A social group linked by consanguinity or marriage
Parenting Style
- Neglecting
- Permissive
- Authoritarian
- Authoritative
Life events
- Anticipated
- Unanticipated
Five stages of grief (Kübler-Ross)
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
Coping and resilience
- Coping strategies: dealing with (1) emotion and (2) problem
- Positive thinking (Barrie Hopson)
- Rational and irrational beliefs (Ellis)
- ABC Model of Ellis - ‘A’ =Activating Events; ‘B’= Beliefs.; ‘C’= Consequent Emotions
Latest Update: October 2019
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What are the important features of personal growth and development at various stages of life? |
What are the factors affecting personal growth and development? |
How do human relationships influence personal growth and development? |
How do life events influence personal growth and development? |
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